Physics - Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics:

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy, as well as the properties of substances and their transformations.

Laws of Thermodynamics:

• Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law establishes the concept of temperature and allows the definition of temperature scales.
• First Law (Law of Conservation of Energy): Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms. The total energy of an isolated system remains constant. Mathematically, it is expressed as ΔU = Q - W, where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is the heat added to the system, and W is the work done by the system.
• Second Law (Law of Entropy): The entropy of an isolated system always increases or remains constant over time. It implies that not all the energy supplied to a system can be converted into work. It also defines the direction of spontaneous processes.

Thermodynamic Processes:

• Isothermal Process: A process that occurs at constant temperature.
• Adiabatic Process: A process that occurs without the transfer of heat between the system and its surroundings.
• Isobaric Process: A process that occurs at constant pressure.
• Isochoric Process (Isometric Process): A process that occurs at constant volume.

Thermodynamic Systems:

• Closed System: A system that can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings.
• Open System: A system that can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.
• Isolated System: A system that cannot exchange energy or matter with its surroundings.

Applications:

• Thermodynamics has applications in various fields such as engineering, chemistry, biology, and environmental science.
• It is used in the design and analysis of engines, refrigeration systems, power plants, and chemical processes.